From the introduction:

Owing to the Lava Jato scandal, Brazil’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI) decreased drastically in 2019, scoring only 35 out of 100 points. This was the lowest score in seven years for Brazil and one of the lowest scores since this index began in 1995. However, it is normal for a country which has recently uncovered a corruption scandal to have a doubtful public perception concerning corruption, even if the government is already taking action. It takes time to recover from a scandal, especially when it is one of such immense magnitude as Lava Jato.

(…) Lava Jato uncovered an interwoven relationship between private companies, state-owned enterprises and political parties as well as individual politicians at all levels, municipal and federal. Due to the involvement of state-owned companies and politicians in the corruption scandal, a public debate arose on policy changes that was mostly driven by civil society organisations (CSOs) demanding more anti-corruption efforts from the government.

(…) The focus of this research is Brazilian State-owned enterprises (SOEs) with a close interrelation between the political and the economic arenas. On the one hand, it is necessary to take a closer look at the compliance and governance systems of Brazilian SOEs. On the other hand, the legal framework for compliance requirements of SOEs has to be considered. One year after the SOE Act was passed, the acceptance and corporate enforcement of the Act are being questioned by different CSOs as well as by many SOEs themselves. The lack of empirical research on these issues means this research has an explorative nature and uses an empirical approach to gain initial insights into the perception and enforcement of the new institutional frameworks forming part of the anti-corruption agenda in Brazil.